The following paragraphs treat several of these words in order of frequency of usage.  Sin is seen as the following things.

 

Coming Short (hamartia, hamartema, hamartano, etc.)   This word-group is the broadest and  most frequent in the New Testament, occuring over 250 times.  The root idea is failing, missing the mark, "[coming] short of the glory of God." (Romans 3:23 For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God;) all are sinners by nature, by practice, and have come short of the glory of God.  Have bfailed of that which is the chief end of man, short of the mark, as the runner comes short of the prize, so come short as not only not to win, but to be great losers.  The most general word is  hamartia, which can be sin in general or a specific act of sin.

   The similar word harmartema stresses individual acts.  The heretic Pelagius misquoted the golden- tongued preacher Chrysostom as saying that infants are without sin.  He should have checked the original Greek of that preacher.  What he reaqlly said was "that infants were innocent of harartmata, individual acts of sin, and were not free from hamartia, which was sin in general"

 

Unrighteousness, Iniquity (adikia, adikos, etc.)  The basic meaning of these words is " dishonesty" in classical Greek, and the common translations of the verb (adikeo) are "to do wrong," "to be unjust," "to hurt."  Adikia is the opposite of uprightness.  A famous passage using this word is 1 John 1:9, "If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness."

 

Trespass (paraptoma)

   Trespass (paraptoma), occuring twenty-one times in the New Testament,  is used in one popular rendition of the Lord's Prayer: "Forgive us our trespasses."  It meant to fail (pipto) when one should have resisted a temptation or maintained a spiritual walk.  James tells us "Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another that you may be healed" 5:16

 

Iniquity (